Spatial variation of sustainable and sectoral development indicators in the Maghreb countries

Abstract:
This study aimed to analyze developmental gaps between Libya and Tunisia in access to drinking water and sanitation services, labor force distribution, agricultural sector efficiency, and the role of oil and gas resources in shaping the economy, with a focus on the impact of political and demographic factors. It employed the descriptive-analytical approach to interpret sustainable development indicators, alongside the comparative method to examine differences between the two countries, using statistical tables, value-added analysis, and annual growth rates as key tools.

The study concluded that Tunisia outperforms Libya in water and sanitation indicators, while Libya has been relatively affected by political conditions. It also found differences in the sectoral structure of the labor force, with a relatively balanced structure in Tunisia compared to the dominance of the service sector in Libya. Furthermore, the results revealed a gap in female labor force participation and higher unemployment rates in Libya, particularly among youth. Both countries have experienced a decline in the agricultural population base, although Tunisia has maintained better agricultural productivity and efficiency. The study also highlighted Libya’s substantial oil and gas resources compared to Tunisia, but noted that instability has limited their effective utilization, emphasizing that resource abundance alone is insufficient for achieving sustainable development without economic diversification.

The study recommended strengthening water and sanitation infrastructure, developing training and qualification programs, enhancing the agricultural sector through innovation, diversifying income sources, and improving natural resource management. It also proposed establishing integrated monitoring systems for water services, supporting small enterprises, adopting smart agriculture technologies, conducting broader comparative studies, and developing updated resource data systems to ensure sustainability.